Confounding risk

Helmet use mortality OR ~0.48 in recent meta-analysis; other cohorts ~0.65

90-cohort meta-analysis: isolation pooled effect ~1.32; loneliness ~1.14 for all-cause mortality

2025 pooled estimate: single HR ~1.55; divorced ~1.39; widowed ~1.43 vs married

Large IPD analysis: mortality lowest around or below 100 g ethanol/week; higher intake progressively associated with lower life expectancy

~10% lower all-cause mortality per 200 g/day increase in combined intake; older cohorts suggest benefit around ~5 servings/day

~15% higher all-cause mortality per 1 serving/day increase in meta-analysis; highest vs lowest ~23% higher

Each 3-fold (1-SD) higher log-CRP associated with 1.55x non-vascular mortality (95% CI 1.41–1.69) and similar magnitude for vascular mortality, in an individual-participant meta-analysis of 160,309 people across 54 studies

Adjusted death risk rose stepwise as eGFR fell below 60 mL/min/1.73m2, from HR 1.2 (eGFR 45–59) up to HR 5.9 (eGFR <15), in a cohort of 1.12 million adults

Job strain meta-analysis: CHD RR ~1.26; multicohort mortality HR 1.68 in men with cardiometabolic disease