Factor · Mental

Social connection

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality

Strong for association
Social connectionConfounding riskMeta-analysisObservational evidence
Systematic review & meta-analysis
90-cohort meta-analysis: isolation pooled effect ~1.32; loneliness ~1.14 for all-cause mortality
Causal status: Association; intervention evidence for mortality less direct
Reliability / bias notes: Definitions differ; loneliness ≠ isolation; socioeconomic/health confounding
Wang et al · Nat Hum Behav · 2023 · PMID 37337095
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