Systematic review

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7 results
Systematic review & meta-analysis
Helmet use mortality OR ~0.48 in recent meta-analysis; other cohorts ~0.65
Causal status: Strong for helmet intervention; riding-vs-nonriding mortality effect not cleanly estimated
Reliability / bias notes: Confounding by riding behaviour, speed, alcohol, road exposure; helmet evidence often crash-conditioned
Ratnasekera et al. · 2025 · PMID 40462278
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Systematic review & meta-analysis
Low skeletal muscle mass index associated with 57% higher all-cause mortality risk (pooled RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.96) across 16 prospective studies, 81,358 participants
Causal status: Associational; prospective cohort evidence, biologically plausible via frailty/functional decline pathway
Reliability / bias notes: Heterogeneous SMI definitions across studies; risk magnitude varies substantially by BMI subgroup
Wang et al · PLoS One · 2023 · PMID 37285331
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Systematic review & meta-analysis
90-cohort meta-analysis: isolation pooled effect ~1.32; loneliness ~1.14 for all-cause mortality
Causal status: Association; intervention evidence for mortality less direct
Reliability / bias notes: Definitions differ; loneliness ≠ isolation; socioeconomic/health confounding
Wang et al · Nat Hum Behav · 2023 · PMID 37337095
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Systematic review & meta-analysis
Any resistance training vs none associated with 15% lower all-cause mortality (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.93); dose-response peaked at ~60 min/week (27% reduction)
Causal status: Observational; supported by RCT evidence on intermediate outcomes
Reliability / bias notes: Only 10 cohort studies pooled; self-reported exposure; nonlinear dose-response not fully resolved
Shailendra et al · Am J Prev Med · 2022 · PMID 35599175
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Systematic review & meta-analysis
2025 pooled estimate: single HR ~1.55; divorced ~1.39; widowed ~1.43 vs married
Causal status: Association
Reliability / bias notes: Health selection into/out of relationships; social support and income confounding
Wang et al. · 2020 · PMID 32161813
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Systematic review & meta-analysis
~10% lower all-cause mortality per 200 g/day increase in combined intake; older cohorts suggest benefit around ~5 servings/day
Causal status: Association
Reliability / bias notes: Dietary measurement error; healthy lifestyle clustering; socioeconomic confounding
Aune et al. · 2017 · PMID 28338764
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Systematic review & meta-analysis
~10 mmHg SBP lowering in RCT meta-analysis reduced all-cause mortality RR 0.87; observational 20 mmHg higher usual SBP materially increased vascular mortality
Causal status: Strong randomized/interventional evidence
Reliability / bias notes: Treatment status, age, white-coat effect, overtreatment; lower is not always better
Ettehad et al · Lancet · 2016 · PMID 26724178
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