Strong for helmet protection; insufficient for riding itself
Systematic review & meta-analysis
Helmet use mortality OR ~0.48 in recent meta-analysis; other cohorts ~0.65
Systematic review & meta-analysis
Low skeletal muscle mass index associated with 57% higher all-cause mortality risk (pooled RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.25–1.96) across 16 prospective studies, 81,358 participants
Systematic review & meta-analysis
90-cohort meta-analysis: isolation pooled effect ~1.32; loneliness ~1.14 for all-cause mortality
Systematic review & meta-analysis
Any resistance training vs none associated with 15% lower all-cause mortality (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.93); dose-response peaked at ~60 min/week (27% reduction)
Systematic review & meta-analysis
2025 pooled estimate: single HR ~1.55; divorced ~1.39; widowed ~1.43 vs married
Systematic review & meta-analysis
~10% lower all-cause mortality per 200 g/day increase in combined intake; older cohorts suggest benefit around ~5 servings/day
Systematic review & meta-analysis
~10 mmHg SBP lowering in RCT meta-analysis reduced all-cause mortality RR 0.87; observational 20 mmHg higher usual SBP materially increased vascular mortality