Domain

Mental

Psychological and social factors — relationship quality, stress, life satisfaction, social connection — where effect sizes are real but the evidence is often more limited than for physical risk factors.

Relationship qualityStressLife satisfactionSocial connection
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4 results

Systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality

Strong for association
Social connectionConfounding riskMeta-analysisObservational evidence
Systematic review & meta-analysis
90-cohort meta-analysis: isolation pooled effect ~1.32; loneliness ~1.14 for all-cause mortality
Causal status: Association; intervention evidence for mortality less direct
Reliability / bias notes: Definitions differ; loneliness ≠ isolation; socioeconomic/health confounding
Wang et al · Nat Hum Behav · 2023 · PMID 37337095
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Kivimäki et al. Job strain and mortality / coronary heart disease evidence (multicohort analysis)

Moderate for defined job strain; limited for generic stress
StressConfounding riskObservational evidenceReverse causation risk
Cohort study
Job strain meta-analysis: CHD RR ~1.26; multicohort mortality HR 1.68 in men with cardiometabolic disease
Causal status: Association
Reliability / bias notes: Construct heterogeneity; socioeconomic confounding; reverse causation
PMID 29884468
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