Domain

Safety

Everyday risk exposures such as seat belt use, distracted driving and motorcycle riding, where the evidence often centres on injury and crash outcomes rather than long-run mortality.

Seat belt usePhone use while drivingMotorcycle riding
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3 results

Systematic review and meta-analysis of helmet use and helmet laws to reduce mortality in adult motorcycle riders

Strong for helmet protection; insufficient for riding itself
Motorcycle ridingConfounding riskMeta-analysisObservational evidence
Systematic review & meta-analysis
Helmet use mortality OR ~0.48 in recent meta-analysis; other cohorts ~0.65
Causal status: Strong for helmet intervention; riding-vs-nonriding mortality effect not cleanly estimated
Reliability / bias notes: Confounding by riding behaviour, speed, alcohol, road exposure; helmet evidence often crash-conditioned
Ratnasekera et al. · 2025 · PMID 40462278
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Do seat belts and air bags reduce mortality and injury severity after car accidents?

Strong for injury mortality
Seat belt useInterventional / RCT evidence
Observational study
Front-seat seat-belt use reduces fatal/nonfatal injury risk by ~60%; trauma database mortality OR ~0.49 vs no restraint
Causal status: Strong causal/interventional evidence for crash injury prevention
Reliability / bias notes: Crash-conditioned evidence; risk-taking behaviours correlated with non-use
Cummins et al. · 2011 · PMID 21720604
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Mobile phone use and motor vehicle crash risk / hospital attendance

Moderate for crash risk; limited for mortality
Phone use while drivingObservational evidenceSelf-report bias
Observational study
Crash case-crossover OR 4.1 for phone use within 5 min before crash; culpability OR 1.70 in another study
Causal status: Strong causal plausibility for crash impairment; direct mortality estimate limited
Reliability / bias notes: Self-report/recall; exposure definition; no robust all-cause mortality coefficient
McEvoy et al. · 2007 · PMID 17920840
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