Domain

Sociodemographic

Structural and demographic circumstances — relationship status, planned country of residence — that correlate with mortality through pathways that are harder to isolate from confounding.

Relationship statusPlanned country of residence
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Life expectancy at birth, by country

Limited — ecological/country-level statistic, not an individual mortality study
Planned country of residenceEcological / population-level dataObservational evidence
Ecological / population-level data
National life expectancy at birth varies by roughly a decade across upper-middle vs high-income countries (WHO 2023 estimates); healthcare access and quality are the primary drivers of that gap
Causal status: Ecological/population-level association only — no study directly measures individual mortality risk for people who relocate for retirement
Reliability / bias notes: Expatriates and financially-resourced retirees often access better care than local population averages suggest, so this factor is treated as a small, precautionary adjustment rather than a well-evidenced individual risk factor
WHO Global Health Observatory. · 2023
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Marital status and risk of cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis

Moderate–strong
Relationship statusConfounding riskMeta-analysisObservational evidence
Systematic review & meta-analysis
2025 pooled estimate: single HR ~1.55; divorced ~1.39; widowed ~1.43 vs married
Causal status: Association
Reliability / bias notes: Health selection into/out of relationships; social support and income confounding
Wang et al. · 2020 · PMID 32161813
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