Factor · Sociodemographic

Planned country of residence

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Life expectancy at birth, by country

Limited — ecological/country-level statistic, not an individual mortality study
Planned country of residenceEcological / population-level dataObservational evidence
Ecological / population-level data
National life expectancy at birth varies by roughly a decade across upper-middle vs high-income countries (WHO 2023 estimates); healthcare access and quality are the primary drivers of that gap
Causal status: Ecological/population-level association only — no study directly measures individual mortality risk for people who relocate for retirement
Reliability / bias notes: Expatriates and financially-resourced retirees often access better care than local population averages suggest, so this factor is treated as a small, precautionary adjustment rather than a well-evidenced individual risk factor
WHO Global Health Observatory. · 2023
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