Large cohort (100k+)

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Meta-analysis
LDL-C ≥160 mg/dL associated with higher all-cause mortality (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.00–1.80) and CVD death (RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.26–2.54) vs LDL-C 70–129 mg/dL, in a meta-analysis of 1,232,694 adults
Causal status: Causal support strong for CVD via Mendelian randomization and RCTs; all-cause mortality signal weaker/borderline
Reliability / bias notes: All-cause mortality CI crosses 1.0; relationship appears non-linear/U-shaped, complicated by reverse causation in low-LDL groups (illness-driven cholesterol decline)
Peng et al · Medicine · 2022 · PMID 36482567
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