Key finding
~9% higher mortality per +10 bpm in meta-analysis; UK Biobank ~19–22% higher per +10 bpm
Evidence & causal status
Moderate–strong predictor
Association
Caveats & limitations
Reliability / bias notes: Fitness, medications, illness, autonomic tone; measurement noise
This describes a population-level association from published research. It is not a prediction about any one individual, and association is not the same as causation unless stated otherwise above.